Muslim worship in Britain

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Not that Woking had been an obvious place in which to construct Britain’s first purpose-built mosque. At the time of its completion, the town had no Muslim population. Most Muslims living in the UK in the late Victorian era, and usually temporarily at that, were lascars (foreign sailors employed by British shipping companies). Landlocked Woking would hardly have been a port of call.

Accordingly, it’s unsurprising to learn that the first mosque to open its doors in Britain, a handful of months before the Shah Jahan Mosque did so, was in a port city. A solicitor in Liverpool called William Quilliam, who changed his name to Abdullah Quilliam when he converted to Islam from Methodism, turned a terraced house into a place for Islamic worship.

Studying the Islamic world

Woking’s lack of Muslim residents did not deter the man behind the building of the Shah Jahan Mosque, though. Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner was a Hungarian-born Jew with a vision of establishing an educational institution in Europe at which Islam and the Islamic world could be studied. While London would have been the more sensible location, the price of property sent him out of the city to Woking. The buildings and grounds of the defunct Royal Dramatic College were not only up for sale, but they could be bought cheap.

Leitner’s plans for what became the Oriental Institute were double-pronged, explains Sophie Gilliat-Ray, professor in religious and theological studies at Cardiff University. “The aim was to orientate those Indians coming to Europe for study, and likewise help European scholars to learn Indian languages prior to their travels in the Indian subcontinent. The mosque was built within the College grounds and served Muslim students, as well as students from London. Other notable worshippers included the Muslim staff serving in Queen Victoria’s household in Windsor.

Woking’s lack of Muslim residents did not deter the man behind the building of the mosque

Woking’s lack of Muslim residents did not deter the man behind the building of the mosque

“Leitner was an entrepreneurial and energetic individual, remarkable for his linguistic and intellectual capacities, both in terms of breadth and depth. He spent an extensive period in what is now Pakistan and was appointed as Registrar of the University of the Punjab in Lahore in 1882. But there is no record of him ever converting to Islam.”

Up in Liverpool, a man who had taken the Islamic faith, Abdullah Quilliam, reflected on how the local community saw him. “When I first renounced Christianity and embraced Islam,” he wrote in 1890, “I found that I was looked upon as a species of monomaniac, and if I endeavoured to induce people to discuss the respective merits of the two religions, I was either laughed at or insulted.”

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Despite the reaction to Quilliam, he was far from an anomaly. A notable number among the indigenous British population were fascinated by Islam and its teachings. After Leitner's death in 1899, the Shah Jahan Mosque closed for a number of years, before being revived and reopened in 1913. By then, certain figures from the British establishment had also converted, such as Lord Headley and Marmaduke Pickthall. Both made significant contributions to the evolution of Islam on these shores. Headley, under his adopted name of Shaikh Rahmatullah al-Farooq, established the British Muslim Society, while novelist (and vicar's son) Pickthall translated the Qur'an into English and was the editor of the Islamic Review, published from the mosque in Woking.

“These high-profile converts seemed to be attracted to Islam on account of its doctrinal teachings and its ethical, egalitarian principles,” explains Gilliat-Ray. “The development of scientific knowledge in the 19th and early 20th centuries offered less of a challenge to Islamic beliefs than to Christian ones. Indeed, for Abdullah Quilliam, the teachings of the Qur’an positively supported scientific discoveries. Some of these high-profile converts turned to Islam as a reaction to the power, privilege, disunity and political conservatism of some of the Christian churches.”

Migration and settlement

Yet these conversions did not signify the first interaction between Britain and Islam. “Muslims initially arrived in significant numbers as transient seafarers as part of the colonial shipping industry of the 19th and 20th century. Few were permanent settlers, but resided in boarding houses in the maritime ports of Liverpool, London, Tyneside and Cardiff,” asserts Gilliat-Ray. “These boarding houses often became a locus for later Muslim community development. Their location in and around dockland areas, and the fact that seafarers were coming and going with the arrival and departure of ships, meant that there was relatively little engagement with the wider population.”

The largest wave of Muslim immigration occurred when the country was in need of rebuilding, both physically and economically

If Muslim manpower was required to secure Britain’s colonial trading dominance, it also proved vital in less peaceful times. Gilliat-Ray says: “During the 20th century, Muslims from various parts of the British empire were crucial in both the First and Second World War efforts. Muslims worked in armaments factories, as well as on the battlefield. During the Second World War, the Indian army, which included large numbers of Muslim soldiers, constituted the largest voluntary army. Their bravery was recognised via the conferring of military awards, but for the vast majority, especially those lost at sea, there was little recognition of their contribution.”

The largest wave of Muslim immigration to Britain occurred following the Second World War, when the country was in need of rebuilding, both physically and economically. By then, Muslim migration had moved inland, away from the ports and into the industrialised cities.

“There was a need for semi-skilled and unskilled labour to work in British factories, textile mills and in public services,” explains Gilliat-Ray. “Many young single men came to Britain from the Indian subcontinent as economic migrants in the 1960s and 1970s. They intended to eventually return ‘back home’, taking their savings with them. However, legislative changes, among other things, led to the arrival of women and children to join their husbands and fathers in the UK, which led to a shift from temporary male residence to more permanent family settlement.”

The demographic make-up of Woking certainly followed this pattern, thanks to the easy availability of work in manufacturing industries during the postwar years, almost certainly coupled with the magnetic draw of the Shah Jahan Mosque. From that nonexistent presence at the time of the mosque’s construction, the town currently boasts a Muslim population of around 10,000, the highest of any town in Surrey.

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Muslim influence in Britain

It’s understandable for the common perception to be that Muslims only settled in this country in large numbers during the postwar decades, as the longer story remains noticeably hidden and untold. “The history of engagement between the British Isles and the Muslim world stretches back over many centuries, but few people are aware of this history,” says Gilliat-Ray. “Similarly, few people recognise the cultural, scientific, mathematical and linguistic contribution of the Muslim world. Take our vocabulary, for example. So many words in common usage today stem from the Arabic, such as al-jabr (algebra), qahwa (coffee) and sukkar (sugar).”

More so than ever, our times dictate that a stronger understanding of the Muslim world is required and the, now Grade I-listed, Shah Jahan Mosque is the perfect crucible in which the public perception of Islam can itself be renovated.

On this warm August afternoon, it remains an oasis of calm and peace. Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner might not have envisaged the constant stream of cars along Oriental Road, nor the retail park that now occupies the eastern side of the original site. But were he alive today, he would approve of the number of worshippers still using the mosque and its more recently added extended prayer halls. Radiant in the bright sunlight, this architectural gem looks more magnificent than ever.

Sophie Gilliat-Ray is professor in religious and theological studies at Cardiff University, and the founding director of the Islam-UK Centre. She is author of Muslims in Britain: An Introduction (CUP, 2010).

VISIT

Shah Jahan Mosque

Oriental Road, Woking, Surrey GU22 7BA

• shahjahanmosque.org.uk

ISLAM IN BRITAIN: FOUR MORE PLACES TO EXPLORE

Abdullah Quilliam Mosque

LIVERPOOL

Where Britain got its first mosque

Liverpudlian solicitor William Quilliam converted to Islam in 1887, changed his name to Abdullah Quilliam and turned a terraced house in the city into Britain’s first mosque. It predated the Shah Jahan Mosque, the first purpose-built mosque, by a handful of months.

• abdullahquilliam.org

Aziziye Mosque

STOKE NEWINGTON, LONDON

Where films gave way to worship

This building in north-east London was the Astra Cinema, famous for showing kung-fu movies, but its conversion into a mosque commenced in the early 1980s, funded by the UK Turkish Islamic Association. Its past as a picture house is still discernible in its façade.

• aziziye.org.uk

Ghamkol Sharif Mosque

BIRMINGHAM

Where thousands can worship

Located on a main arterial route out of the city, this mosque, built in the 1990s, is an extremely striking building. While the architecture lacks the delicate lines of the Shah Jahan Mosque, its significance is in its scale as it can accommodate 5,000 worshippers at any one time across three floors.

• ghamkolsharif.org

Glasgow Central Mosque

GLASGOW

Where Scotland got its first mosque

Built to represent Muslims in Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow Central Mosque is found in the Gorbals district on the southern bank of the river Clyde. It was the first purpose-built mosque north of the border, opened in 1984. Guided tours are offered.

• centralmosque.co.uk

This article was first published in the October 2018 edition of BBC History Magazine